Transmitters and receptors are simply the equipment by which information is sent. Information can be sent verbally and nonverbally. The choice of transmitters can affect outcomes, i.e., some messages may be better spoken, while others need to be written. Moreover, when presenting information face-to-face, congruence or in congruence between multiple transmission channels is often a problem. The old expression that “your lips tell me ‘no,no’ but there is ‘yes,yes’ in your eyes” highlights the incongruity of messages sent simultaneously by both verbal and nonverbal channels, and the possible error introduced by this duplicitous communication. On the receiver’s end, poor eyesight or faulty hearing may similarly diminish the ability to accurately receive a message.
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